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In this perspective, we highlight the relevance of the FA-Hippo signaling pathway and its regulation of the Yes-associated protein (YAP) and the transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ) as main players in the process of implants integration. The modulation and responses of YAP/TAZ triggered by substrate and ECM stiffness are of particular interest in the construction of materials used for medical implants. YAP/TAZ nuclear localization and activity respond to the substrate stiffness by several mechanisms that involve the canonical and non-canonical Hippo signaling and independently of the Hippo cascade. YAP/TAZ regulate the expression of genes involved in several mechanisms of relevance for implant integration such as the proliferation and differentiation of cell precursors and the immune response to the implant. The influence of substrate stiffness on the regulation of the immune response is not completely understood and the progress in this field can contribute to the designing of an adequate implant design. Though the use of nano-biomaterials has been proved to contribute to implant success, the relationship between grain size and stiffness of the material has not been explored in the biomedical field; filling these gaps in the knowledge of biomaterials will highly contribute to the design of biomaterials that could take advantage of the cells sensing and response to the stiffness at the implant interface. 

Liposomes are tiny, spherical vesicles made from cholesterol and natural phospholipids that are promising imaging agents for detecting medical complications. They can carry fluorescent markers or other imaging agents, making them effective for medical imaging. Furthermore, liposomes can target specific cells involved in inflammation, such as macrophages, and accumulate at inflammation sites when injected. Additionally, liposomes can be designed to respond to oxidative stress, which is often associated with bone implant complications. By detecting areas of stress, liposomes provide valuable information about implant health. However, challenges such as rapid clearance from the body, precise targeting, immune reactions, and high production costs must be addressed. Research is ongoing to improve the design and functionality of liposomes. They can potentially monitor bone implants as non-invasive imaging agents, enabling early detection of complications and timely interventions. This approach can enhance patient outcomes and extend the longevity of implants, making it a promising strategy for better patient care and implant success. 

The diaphragm is the "respiratory pump;" the muscle that generates pressure to allow ventilation. Diaphragm muscles play a vital function and thus are subjected to continuous mechanical loading. One of its peculiarities is the ability to generate distinct mechanical and biochemical responses depending on the direction through which the mechanical forces applied to it. Contractile forces originated from its contractile components are transmitted to other structural components of its muscle fibers and the surrounding connective tissue. The anisotropic mechanical properties of the diaphragm are translated into biochemical signals that are directionally mechanosensitive by mechanisms that appear to be unique to this muscle. Here, we reviewed the current state of knowledge on the biochemical pathways regulated by mechanical signals emphasizing their anisotropic behavior in the normal diaphragm and analyzed how they are affected in muscular dystrophies.